Incidence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in the School Period in a Municipality in Southern Brazil

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence of dental caries and associated factors in the school period from six/seven to ten years of age. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study involving 168 children was followed up between 2015 and 2019 in the municipality of Palhoça, Brazil. The dependent variable was the caries incidence rate in the mixed dentition. The independent variables included information regarding demographic and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyzes were carried out using Poisson Regression with a robust estimator. Variables with p <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the adjusted model. Relative risks were estimated, as well as 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 168 followed schoolchildren, 32 developed the disease, providing an incidence rate of 19.0%. Female children had a 10% higher risk [RR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.03; 1.18)] of developing caries than males. Also, children born from fathers with ≤ 8 years of schooling at baseline had a 9% higher risk [RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.01; 1.16)] of developing dental caries compared to fathers with higher education. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries in a four-year period was 19.0%. Females and children born from fathers with a lower level of education showed higher incidence rates.

Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Brazilian Schoolchildren Aged 8 to 10 Years

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) and confounding factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) according to the perception of 8 to 10-year-old children and their parents/caregivers. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study including 403 students aged 8-10 years was carried out, in which OHRQoL was measured using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire administered to both children and parents/caregivers. The diagnosis of MIH was performed according to the previously proposed index. Dental caries experience, malocclusion, and sociodemographic factors were evaluated as confounders. Cluster analysis and Poisson regression with robust variance (p<0.05) were performed. Results: The prevalence of MIH was 13.4%. Parents/caregivers of children with MIH in incisors showed a higher impact prevalence in the emotional well-being domain (PR=1.92; 95%CI=1.16-3.19). Children with hypoplasia had a higher prevalence of negative impact on OHRQoL in the oral symptoms domain (PR=1.51; 95%CI=1.03-2.23). According to the perception of parents/caregivers, dental caries experience had a negative impact on the quality of life of students in the emotional well-being domain (PR=4.19; 95%CI=1.06-16.49) and in the total questionnaire score (PR=3.21; 95%CI=1.06-9.71). Conclusion: According to the perception of parents/caregivers, children with MIH in incisors showed a greater impact on OHRQoL. Additionally, the presence of hypoplasia affected the self-perception of OHRQoL in children, and caries experience influenced the OHRQoL of children, as perceived by parents/caregivers.

The role of the national oral health program in the development of oral health service and related thinkings / 中华口腔医学杂志

Conception of public health was firstly put forward by American professor Winslow. Ensuring and promoting the health of general population is the key connotation for the definition of public health. Oral disease has become a public health problem. Caries which preventable and curable is the most common oral disease and the etiology is also clear. Oral health comprehensive intervention program for children in central and western regions was set up in 2008 by Chinese government. The program included sealing on the first permanent molar and oral health education towards primary school children covering mid-west area. This was the first oral health program invested by government and managed by Chinese Stomatological Association. Six years later, the program was popularized to the whole nation, and renamed as national oral health comprehensive intervention program for children in China. The program had made deep impact on development of oral health service in China. The study tries to analyze the challenges of oral health service through reviewing the background, content, organization and effectiveness of the program, aiming to provide suggestions on policy, financing, system, ability and technology for the future development.

Oral disorders among older Chileans: prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability / Prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade por doenças bucais no Chile

OBJECTIVE: Prior epidemiological surveys revealed that Chile experiences a high burden of oral diseases. However, no prior study has reported estimates of untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism over a three-decade period for the country. Using estimates of the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, the objective of this study is to report the trends of prevalence, incidence, and years-lived with disability (YLDs) due to untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism in Chilean older adults between 1990 and 2019. METHODS: Estimates of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs due to dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism were produced for Chile, by age and sex, between 1990 and 2019, using Dismod-MR 2.1. Trends of oral disorders were analyzed using generalized linear regression models applying the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: Untreated dental caries and periodontal disease showed an increase in prevalence and YLDs, whereas edentulism prevalence, incidence, and YLDs decreased in all older adults age groups. The incidence of dental caries decreased in the younger groups and increased in the older age groups; while the incidence of periodontal disease increased in the younger and decreased in the older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the burden of oral diseases in older Chileans increased between 1990 and 2019. This was particularly relevant for untreated caries and periodontal disease. Future estimates of oral diseases burden in Chile require concerted efforts to produce national health surveys that incorporate oral diseases metrics. These estimates are essential to inform policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Pesquisas epidemiológicas anteriores revelaram que o Chile apresenta uma elevada carga de doenças bucais. No entanto, nenhum estudo anterior relatou estimativas de cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo ao longo de um período de três décadas para o país. Usando estimativas do Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar as tendências de prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade (YLDs) devido a cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo em idosos chilenos entre 1990 e 2019. METODOLOGIA: Estimativas de prevalência, incidência e YLDs devido à cárie dentária, periodontite e edentulismo foram produzidas para o Chile, por idade e sexo, entre 1990 e 2019, usando o Dismod-MR 2.1. Tendências de distúrbios bucais foram analisadas usando modelos de regressão linear generalizada aplicando o método Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: A cárie dentária não tratada e a doença periodontal mostraram um aumento na prevalência e nos YLDs, enquanto a prevalência, incidência e YLDs do edentulismo diminuíram em todas as faixas etárias de idosos. A incidência de cárie dentária diminuiu nos grupos mais jovens e aumentou nos grupos etários mais velhos; enquanto a incidência de periodontite aumentou nos grupos mais jovens e diminuiu nos grupos etários mais velhos. CONCLUSÕES: No geral, a carga de doenças bucais em idosos chilenos aumentou entre 1990 e 2019. Isso foi particularmente relevante para cárie não tratada e periodontite. As estimativas futuras da carga de doenças bucais no Chile exigem esforços concentrados para produzir pesquisas nacionais de saúde que incorporem métricas de doenças bucais. Essas estimativas são essenciais para informar a formulação, implementação e avaliação de políticas. (AU)

A multilevel analysis model for dental caries determinants in independently-living elderly

To evaluate the prevalence of untreated caries and its association with biological, individual, and environmental variables in independently-living elderly people. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 72 elderly (≥60 years) patients of a university dental clinic in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Sociodemographic data, systemic diseases, medications, and free sugar intake were collected. Visible plaque, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT), and Decayed and Filled Root (DFR) indexes were assessed through clinical examination. Unstimulated saliva was collected to determine salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity. Descriptive analysis and multilevel logistic regression analysis were performed following a dental caries theoretical model (p <0.05, 95% CI). Results: The mean DMFT and DFR were 24.44 (SD=4.59) and 3.21 (SD=2.93), respectively. The prevalence of untreated caries was 61.11%. In the adjusted multilevel regression model involving 1639 teeth, untreated dental caries was significantly associated with the presence of biofilm (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.24­2.74), salivary buffering capacity (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77­0.99) and per capita income (OR = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.004­0.74). Conclusion: The experience of dental caries was widespread among independently-living elderly patients, and its variability was best explained by the presence of biofilm, reduced salivary buffering capacity, and low per capita income. A comprehensive assessment is needed of the biological, individual, and environmental factors related to the presence of dental caries in independently-living elderly people

Prevalence of Dental Fear and its Association with Painful Oral Conditions in Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of dental fear and evaluate its association with dental caries and with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in schoolchildren aged 11-14 years. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 375 adolescents in Campina Grande, Brazil. Socioeconomic and oral health information was collected, while dental fear was measured using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). The diagnosis of dental caries and MIH was performed by three trained examiners (κ ≥ 0.61) using the International Caries Detection & Assessment System - ICDAS II and a previously validated index, respectively. Data were descriptively analyzed using the Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact, and Poisson regression tests with robust variance (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of dental fear was 18.4%, and the mean CFSS-DS total score was 28.96 ± 8.92. After adjusting for covariates family structure, schooling of parents/guardians, type of dental health service and dental pain in the last six months, the prevalence of dental fear was associated with dental pain in the last six months (PR=2.03; 95%CI=1.31-3.16; p=0.002). Conclusion: Although no association was found between dental fear, dental caries and MIH in adolescents, those who experienced dental pain in the last six months had a higher prevalence of dental fear.

Prevalence of Dental Caries in 5-Year-Old Children in a Northeast Brazilian Capital

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in children aged five years in a Northeast Brazilian Capital (Fortaleza, CE) and its association with sociodemographic conditions, presence of malocclusion, and gingival bleeding. Material and Methods: This is a quantitative, descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study carried out in a representative sample of 3,582 children aged five years in the city of Fortaleza-CE. Data was collected in public and private schools distributed in the city's Regional Health Coordination (CORES). Each of the six CORES worked with five field teams, participating in inter-examiner training and calibration with a final KAPPA coefficient of 0.87. Data were collected using a clinical form adapted from the SB Brasil 2010 questionnaire on sociodemographic conditions. The indices of dmft, need for treatment, malocclusion, and gingival bleeding were used for oral health conditions. The data were submitted to Pearson's Chi-square or Fisher's Exact tests, and the variables that show values of p<0.05 were submitted to a multinomial logistic regression model (forward stepwise model). Results: 57.1% of children were caries-free, and the mean dmft-d was 1.65 (1.65±2.65). CORES I and VI were the ones that presented the most significant association with caries attacks in all primary molars. The highest percentage of caries in the 2nd upper molar (60.6%), 1st lower molar (59%), and 2nd lower molar (58.8%) were found in children with normal occlusion. There was a significant association between gingival bleeding and caries in all molars and the need for treatment. Conclusion: These results allow us to observe that the prevalence of dental caries in 5-year-old children in Fortaleza is low, although with a tendency to increase.

Factors associated with dental cavity in children aged six to 36 months old, in Salvador-BA / Fatores associados à cárie dentária em crianças de seis a 36 meses, em Salvador-BA

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the factors associatedwith dental cavity in early childhood. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study on oral health condition of 535 children aged between six and 36 months old, at Family Health Units, in Salvador-BA. Information was collected on socioeconomic conditions, mother and child's health, eating and oral hygiene habits, and oral examination. Results: the prevalence of dental cavity was 13.64% (CI95%=11.44 -15.84) and the factors associated were: child's age, number of rooms in the house, "Bolsa Família" (Family Welfare) benefit, prenatal consultations, birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: socioeconomic conditions strongly influenced oral health, as well as prenatal care and breastfeeding. To prevent childhood cavities, it is pertinent to invest in intersectoral actions and systematized programs, including the medical and nursing staff, as these actions are essential for integral care for the child's health and quality of life

Resumo Objetivos: analisar os fatores associados à cárie dentária na primeira infância. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal das condições de saúde oral de 535 crianças entre seis e 36 meses, em Unidades de Saúde da Família, em Salvador-BA. Foram coletadas informações sobre as condições socioeconômicas, saúde da mãe e da criança, hábitos alimentares e de higiene oral e exame oral. Resultados: a prevalência de cárie dentária foi de 13,64% (IC95%=11,44-15,84) e os fatores associados foram: idade da criança, número de cômodos da casa, benefício "Bolsa Família", consultas de pré-natal, peso ao nascer e aleitamento materno exclusivo. Conclusões: as condições socioeconômicas influenciam fortemente na saúde oral, bem como o pré-natal e o aleitamento materno. Para prevenir cárie na infância, é pertinente investir em ações intersetoriais e programas sistematizados, incluindo a equipe médica e de enfermagem, pois estas ações são imprescindíveis para o cuidado integral à saúde da criança e qualidade de vida

Prevalencia de mancha blanca en dentición temporaria en el Hospital de Odontología Infantil Don Benito Quinquela Martín / Prevalence of white spot in temporary dentition at Don Benito Quinquela Martin Children's Dentistry Hospital

Introducción: La caries dental es una enfermedad infecciosa y multifactorial, que co- mienza por una desmineralización del esmalte producida por la acción de ácidos generados por bacterias presentes en el biofilm dental. Estas lesiones se inician como manchas blancas (MB) y es el único estadio de la caries dental capaz de ser revertido mediante la aplicación profesional de agentes remineralizantes, por lo que es fundamental la detección y tratamiento temprano de las mismas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de manchas blancas en la dentición temporaria de los niños atendidos en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del Hospital de Odontología Infantil (HOI) «Don Benito Quinquela Martín¼. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó una muestra de 94 niños con dentición temporaria, en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del HOI, teniendo en cuenta los ingresos y reingresos, durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Resultados: La prevalencia de manchas blancas de un total de 94 niños evaluados fue del 55 %. De los pacientes que presentaron MB, el 59 % fue de sexo masculino y el 41 % de sexo femenino. La media de edad fue de 4.77 años. De los pacientes atendidos, 73 concurrieron por primera vez y 21 pacientes fueron reingresos. Conclusión: La prevalencia de manchas blancas en la muestra evaluada de niños atendidos en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del HOI fue del 55 %. Este resultado sugiere la necesidad de continuar y potenciar la promoción de la salud bucal, no solo como herramienta estratégica para brindar conocimientos acerca de los beneficios de una correcta higiene oral y una dieta saludable, sino también como factor de prevención en cuanto a la aparición de lesiones de caries y posteriores consecuencias adversas (AU)

Introduction: Dental caries is an infectious and multifactorial disease that begins with the demineralization of the enamel produced by the action of acids generated by bacteria in the dental biofilm. These lesions start as white spots (WS), and it's the only stage of dental caries capable of being reverted by the professional application of remineralizing agents. Hence, its early detection and treatment are essential. Objective: To determine the prevalence of white spots in the temporary dentition of children treated at the Clinical and Orientation Service of "Don Benito Quinquela Martin" Children's Dentistry Hospital (CDH). Materials and methods: A sample of 94 children with temporary dentition was evaluated on admission and readmission at CDH's Clinical and Orientation Service between September 2019 and February 2020. Results: The prevalence of WS in 94 children evaluated was 55%: 59% of patients who presented WS were males, and 41% were females. The mean age was 4.77 years. Seventy-three patients seen attended for the first time, and the other 21 were readmissions. Conclusion: The prevalence of WS in children who attended CDH's Clinical and Orientation Service was relevant. This result indicates that we must continue and enhance oral health promotion as a strategy to give knowledge about good oral hygiene benefits, a healthy diet, and to prevent the appearance of caries lesions and subsequent consequences (AU)

Efficacy of 30% and 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride in Arresting Caries Lesions After Different Application Times: An in Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in arresting dentin caries lesions when applied under different concentrations and times. Material and Methods: Forty-two bovine blocks were selected and fixed in 24-well plates. Each well received a mixed bacterial inoculum added to the culture medium with 5% sucrose. The plates were incubated in microaerophilia (7 days) for caries formation, confirmed by micro-CT (M1). SDF was applied over the carious lesions for different times and concentrations (n=6): SDF 30% - immediate removal, 1 minute and 3 minutes; SDF 38%, - immediate removal, 1 minute and 3 minutes. The group without treatment was the control. Then, the samples were again scanned by micro-CT (M2) and submitted to a second cariogenic challenge for 21 days. Then, a final scan was performed (M3). Results: Mean pH at the culture medium and lesion depth were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. 38% SDF showed the lowest metabolic activity of the biofilm. All 38% groups and 30% 1 and 3 minutes did not show an increase in mean lesion depth comparing M3 with M1. However, only 30% 3 minutes and 38% 1 and 3 minutes showed a significant reduction of lesion depth. Conclusion: The minimum application time of 30% SDF to arrest dentin caries lesion was 1 minute, while 38% SDF arrested with application and immediate removal.

Perfil de caries de la infancia temprana / Profile of early childhood caries

La Caries de la Infancia Temprana (CIT) se ha descrito como una patología de origen multifactorial en niños hasta los 71 meses de edad. Se considera como Ca-ries de la Infancia Temprana Severa (CITS) cuando a los 3 años el índice ceod es ≥ 4; a los 4 años, ≥ 5, y a los 5 años ≥ 6. La rehabilitación de las lesiones provo-cadas por esta patología puede ser compleja debido a la calidad y cantidad de estructura remanente y a la edad de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Estimar la frecuencia de CIT y CITS en niños menores a 72 me-ses que concurrieron para su atención, e identificar el tipo de práctica realizada, y la adhesión al trata-miento. Métodos: Diseño retrospectivo observacional sobre las historias clínicas de pacientes menores a 72 meses asistidos por los cursantes de la Especiali-zación en Odontopediatría, entre febrero 2021 y julio 2022. Resultados: La muestra quedó constituida por 101 niños, de 46+13,5 meses. El 91% presentó CITS. La totalidad de los pacientes mantuvieron lactancia nocturna prolongada después del año, siendo en el 72,3% a libre demanda durante el sueño, en un perío-do de 23+6 meses. Se registró un total de 1010 lesio-nes de caries. El 29,3% de los pacientes abandonaron el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de los niños presentaron Caries de la Infancia Temprana Severa, con altos valores de patología y lactancia noc-turna prolongada a libre demanda después del año Los tratamientos recomendados en estos casos son muy prolongados y requieren de prácticas invasivas, complejas y de alto costo, lo que provoca el abandono del tratamiento (AU)

Early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as a multifactorial disease in children 71 months of age or younger. When the dmft index is ≥4 (age 3), ≥5 (age 4), or ≥6 (age 5) it is referred to as Severe early childhood caries (SECC). Management of ECC is complex due to the quality and quantity of remaining structure of teeth at an early age. Objectives: To estimate the frequency of ECC and SECC in children < 72 months of age undergoing comprehensive treatment, to identify the type of treatment provided and treatment compliance. Methods: Retrospective observational design on dental records of patients under 72 months of age treated by Pediatric Dentistry Specialty Program students between February 2021 and July 2022. Results: The sample included 101 children, mean age 46+13.5 months, 91% of patients with SECC. All patients were fed nightly for over 1 year, 72.3% of whom were fed nightly on demand over a period of 23±6 months. A total of 1010 caries lesions were detected. 29.3% of children discontinued treatment. Conclusions: Most of the children presented severe early childhood caries with high values of pathology and prolonged nocturnal breastfeeding on demand after one year. The recommended treatments in these cases are very long and require invasive, complex and expensive practices, which causes abandonment of the treatment (AU)

Differences in Early Childhood Caries Status on Parental Stress Levels and Socioeconomic Status in Makassar City, Indonesia, During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Objective: To analyze the differences in early childhood caries status on parental stress levels and socioeconomic status in Makassar City, Indonesia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This type of analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in North Rantepao, Toraja City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The research subjects of this study were parents who met the criteria, were willing to participate in the study, and had children aged 6-17 years. The questionnaire instrument with the criteria for assessing children's dental and oral health was assessed based on parents' perceptions. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Then the total score was divided into three categories, namely low (score 3-6), moderate (score 7-10), and high (score 11-15). Comparative test analysis using Chi-Square test. Results: Parents with high-stress levels had more children with poor oral health. There is a significant difference according to the level of stress and socioeconomic status of the parents. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between caries status in early childhood based on socioeconomic status and parental stress level (AU).

Risk Factors for the Incidence of Dental Caries in Low, Very Low, and Extremely Low Birth Weight Children: A Cohort Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the incidence of caries in a two-year period among low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) children considering socioeconomic indicators, dietary factors and oral hygiene. Material and Methods: A convenience sample was formed of 42 low birth weight children aged two to five years at baseline. Two examiners diagnosed caries using the World Health Organization criteria. Birth weight, socioeconomic indicators and diet were collected from medical records and questionnaires. Binomial models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted rate ratios (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals for the factors evaluated. Results: Thirty-six children were re-examined after two years. The incidence of dental caries was 36.7%. The dmft index was 0.44 (±1.25) at baseline and increased to 1.36 (±3.85) at follow-up. VLBW children (1,000 to 1,500 g) (RR=0.23; 95%CI: 0.08-0.72) and LBW children (1,500 to 2,500 g) (RR=0.06; 0.01-0.55) had fewer carious lesions compared to ELBW children (<1,000 g). Carious lesions were more frequent among children with a lower income (RR=6.05; 1.05-34.84) and less frequent among those who did not consume sweetened juice, tea or yogurt (RR: 0.21; 0.07-0.62). Conclusion: An inverse dose-response relation was found between birth weight and the incidence of caries. A lower income and the consumption of sweetened beverages were risk factors for the development of caries (AU).

Effects of the intervention of the Multicenter Study IDEFICS on the prevalence of caries in Spanish children

Aim: To evaluate the effects of an intervention for the prevention of obesity on the prevalence of dental caries disease in Spanish children. Methods: Two cities participated intervention study nested in a cohort IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle induced health effects in children and infants): Huesca, where there was a 2-year intervention, which encouraged less sugar consumption; and Zaragoza (control). The prevalence of caries was evaluated by examining the 1st permanent molars in the 7-11 age range, using the ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). These teeth erupt at 6 years of age and at the baseline (2007-2008) were free of caries because they were not present in the oral cavity. As outcomes, white spots were selected, combining the ICDAS criteria 1 and 2, and untreated caries, combining criteria 4, 5 and 6. Their association with socioeconomic variables, BMI (Body Mass Index), frequency of sugar intake, sex and parents' perceptions of their children, was investigated. To do so, the chi-square test was applied (p<0.05). Results: The sample consisted of 281 children. The prevalence of white spots and untreated caries was higher in Huesca, despite the intervention. There was no association between the outcomes and the variables studied (p>0.05). Conclusion: The intervention for the prevention of obesity did not exert any association with the prevalence of caries in Spanish children

Índice CPOD y ceo-d en niños de 5 a 8 años de una escuela en una localidad de Ecuador / CPOD and ceo-d index in children between 5 and 8 years old from a school in a locality in Ecuador

Las enfermedades orales son las más comunes de las enfermedades crónicas y uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública debido a su prevalencia, su impacto en los individuos y la sociedad y el costo de su tratamiento. En el caso de los niños este efecto se multiplica por las consecuencias que se derivan para la edad adulta. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los índices ceo-d en niños escolares de 5 a 8 años en la Unidad Educativa "Alejandro Dávalos Calle", Ecuador. Para ello, bajo una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, no experimental, de campo y de corte transversal. Se seleccionó como población los niños entre 5 y 8 años de edad en el periodo académico 2017-2018; la muestra estuvo conformada por 96 niños de ambos sexos, previo a consentimiento informado y cumpliendo las normas de bioéticas. Se realizaron revisión de historia clínica de los infantes y se les aplico encuestas validadas por expertos, a estudiantes, representantes y docentes. Se obtuvo prevalencia a caries en el 100% de los niños, 47% con dientes obturados y 64% perdieron piezas dentales, no se encontró evidencia estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de caries y el sexo. El CEOD moderado, identificándose como factores de riesgos el desconocimiento de las medidas higiénicas bucal, baja frecuencia en la revisión odontológica y una dieta altamente cariogénica en estos niños. Se recomienda diseñar campañas educativas integrales que oriente a buenas prácticas de higiene bucal con el objetivo de prevenir y minimizar el número de personas afectadas por este mal(AU)

Oral diseases are the most common of the chronic diseases and one of the most important public health problems due to their prevalence, their impact on individuals and society, and the cost of their treatment. In the case of children, this effect is multiplied by the consequences that are derived for adulthood. The objective of this study was to estimate the ceo-d indices in school children aged 5 to 8 years at the "Alejandro Dávalos Calle" Educational Unit, Ecuador. For this, under an exploratory, descriptive, non-experimental, field and cross-sectional investigation. Children between 5 and 8 years of age in the academic period 2017-2018 were selected as the population; The sample consisted of 96 children of both sexes, prior to informed consent and complying with bioethical norms. The infants' clinical history was reviewed and surveys validated by experts, students, representatives, and teachers were applied. Caries prevalence was obtained in 100% of the children, 47% with filled teeth and 64% lost teeth, no statistically significant evidence was found between the presence of caries and sex. The CEOD is high, identifying as risk factors the ignorance of oral hygiene measures, low frequency in dental check-ups and a highly cariogenic diet in these children. It is recommended to design comprehensive educational campaigns that guide good oral hygiene practices in order to prevent and minimize the number of people affected by this disease(AU)

Prevalence of Dental Caries Among Costa Rican Male Students Aged 12-22 Years Using ICDAS-II / Prevalencia de caries en varones costarricenses escolarizados de 12 a 22 años utilizando ICDAS-II

ABSTRACT: Objective: Dental decay is a public health challenge in Low- and Middle- Income Countries, particularly for young people, often confronted to healthcare access barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries among young male students in Costa Rica. Study design: A cross-sectional study was performed in 428 Costa Rican male students aged 12-22 years, who attended a nonprofit social welfare boarding school in 2019. A clinical examination was ran by three calibrated examiners following the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II). Results: Caries prevalence was estimated at 83%, 15% have lost a tooth due to dental decay, 61% have at least one filled tooth, 36% have at least one filled and decayed tooth. The most frequent caries lesions were codes 2-Inactive (46.7%) and code 1-Inactive (23.8%). DMFT indicated a mean index using ICDAS-II 1-6>0 codes of 7.89. Using ICDAS-II 3-6>0 as threshold, the index decreases to 3.94. Finally, the lower and upper first permanent molars were found to be the most affected teeth. Conclusions: Dental caries experience represents a significant public health burden in young people, requiring better access to public dental healthcare.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: La caries dental continúa siendo uno de los grandes desafíos de salud pública en los países de ingresos bajos y medios, en particular para los jóvenes, que a menudo se enfrentan a barreras de acceso a la atención médica y odontológica. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia y severidad de la caries dental entre jóvenes estudiantes varones en Costa Rica. Diseño del estudio: se realizó un estudio transversal con 428 estudiantes varones costarricenses de entre 12 y 22 años, que asistieron a un internado de asistencia social sin fines de lucro llamado Ciudad de los Niños en 2019. Tres examinadores calibrados realizaron un examen clínico siguiendo el Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries. (ICDAS-II). Resultados: La prevalencia de caries se estimó en 83%, el 15% ha perdido un diente debido a caries dental, el 61% tiene al menos un diente obturado, el 36% tiene al menos un diente obturado y con caries. Las lesiones de caries más frecuentes fueron los códigos 2-Inactivo (46,7%) y el código 1-Inactivo (23,8%). CPOD indicó un índice medio utilizando códigos ICDAS-II 1-6>0 de 7,89. Usando ICDAS-II 3-6>0 como umbral, el índice disminuye a 3,94. Finalmente, los primeros molares permanentes inferiores y superiores resultaron ser los dientes más afectados. Conclusiones: La experiencia de la caries dental representa una carga de salud pública significativa en los jóvenes, que requiere un mejor acceso a la atención médica dental pública.

Relação da condição de cárie da criança com experiência de cárie da mãe / Relationship between the child's caries status and the mother's caries experience

Objetivo: verificar a relação da condição de cárie da criança com a experiência autopercebida de cárie da mãe através de um estudo observacional transversal. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas com crianças entre 8 e 11 anos e suas mães. A amostra contou com 105 pares mãe-filho. Os responsáveis responderam um questionário relacionado à situação socioeconômica e demográfica, a mãe respondeu sobre sua saúde bucal: experiência de cárie (restauração ou dente cariado e perda dentária por cárie). Nas crianças os desfechos foram avaliados através de exame clínico com a soma de dentes decíduos e permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (ceod/CPOD) e para severidade de cárie foi utilizado Significant Caries Index (SiC), ceod/CPOD≥3. Para testar a associação entre as variáveis relacionadas à mãe e o desfecho severidade de cárie foi realizado o teste Qui-quadrado, para média de cárie na criança (ceod/CPOD) foi utilizado o Teste Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Com relação à severidade de cárie não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante. A média do ceod/CPOD foi quase três vezes maior nas crianças cujas mães relataram que haviam tido ou estavam com algum dente cariado ou restaurado em função da cárie em comparação àquelas que não relataram esta experiência. As mães mais jovens apresentaram filhos com maior média de cárie do que as mães mais velhas. Conclusão: Entre as crianças atendidas neste serviço existe uma relação de uma maior média de cárie nas crianças com cujas mães tem ou tiveram experiência de cárie e mais jovens.(AU)

Objective: to verify the relationship between the child's caries condition and the mother's self-perceived caries experience through a cross-sectional observational study. Methods: The study was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas with children between 8 and 11 years old and their mothers. The sample had 105 mother-child pairs. The guardians answered a questionnaire related to the socioeconomic and demographic situation, the mother answered about her oral health: caries experience (restoration or decayed tooth and tooth loss due to caries). In children, the outcomes were evaluated through clinical examination with the sum of decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth (DMFT/DMFT) and for caries severity we used the Significant Caries Index (SiC), DMFT/DMFT≥3. To test the association between the variables related to the mother and the outcome of caries severity, the Chi-square test was performed, for mean caries in children (dmft/DMFT) the Mann-Whitney Test was used. Results: Regarding caries severity, no statistically significant association was found. The mean dmft/DMFT was almost three times higher in children whose mothers reported that they had had or had a decayed or restored tooth due to caries compared to those who did not report this experience. Younger mothers had children with a higher average of caries than older mothers. Conclusion: Among the children assisted in this service, there is a relation of a higher average of caries in children whose mothers have or had caries experience and younger.(AU)

Persistem iniquidades sociais na distribuição da cárie dentária em adolescentes maranhenses? Contribuições de um estudo de base populacional / Do social inequalities persist in the distribution of dental caries in adolescents from Maranhão? Contributions of a population-based study

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a associação de fatores socioeconômicos com a prevalência de cárie dentária em adolescentes de São Luís, Maranhão, para responder se as iniquidades sociais persistem na distribuição desta doença. Este é um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte prospectiva. Incluímos 2.413 adolescentes de 18-19 anos, avaliados em 2016 (2º seguimento). O desfecho foi a ocorrência de dentes com cárie dentária não tratada (sim ou não), avaliada pelo índice CPO-D. Características socioeconômicas e demográficas foram as variáveis independentes. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e de regressão de Poisson, calculando-se razões de prevalência (RPs) brutas e ajustadas (alpha=5%). Pertencer às classes econômicas C (RP=1,23; IC95%:1,11-1,37) ou D-E (RP=1,48; IC95%: 1,32-1,65), estar casado/morar com companheiro (RP=1,22; IC95%:1,07-1,39), ter pais separados (RP=1,11; IC95%1,03-1,19) e maior número de pessoas na residência (RP=1,05; IC95%:1,03-1,07) foram associadas a maior prevalência de cárie dentária. Apesar da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal, as iniquidades sociais em saúde bucal de adolescentes persistem. É fundamental que o modelo de atenção à saúde vigente busque a reorientação das estratégias de educação em saúde, direcionando-as a populações vulneráveis.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the association of socioeconomic factors with the prevalence of dental caries in adolescents from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, to answer whether social inequalities persist in distributing this disease. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort. We included 2,413 adolescents aged 18-19 years evaluated in the 2016 second follow-up. The outcome was teeth with untreated dental caries (yes or no) assessed by the DMFT index. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were the independent variables. Descriptive statistical and Poisson regression analyses were performed, calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) (alpha=5%). Belonging to economic classes C (PR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) or D-E (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.32-1.65), being married/living with a partner (PR=1.22; 95% CI: 1.07-1.39), having separated parents (PR=1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19) and a greater number of people in the household (PR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07) were associated with a higher prevalence of dental caries. Social inequalities in adolescent oral health persist despite the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy. The current health care model should seek to reorient health education strategies, targeting them at vulnerable populations.